??房价越来越高，而工资却迟迟不涨，近些年住房问题也成为了人们最爱讨论的热点话题。今天我们来开拓一下思维，积累一下有关“住房问题”的论点论据。原文选自经济学人。

一、 目前住房情况论点：economies
can suffer both sudden crashes and chronic diseases. housing markets in
the rich world have caused both types of problem. 经济体既可能突然崩溃，也可能患上慢性病。富裕国家的住房市场同时引发了两种问题。举例论证：a trillion dollars of dud mortgages blew up the financial system in 2007-08. 2007到2008年，一万亿美元的不良按揭贷款摧毁了金融体系。道理论证：but
just as pernicious is the creeping dysfunction that housing has created
over decades: vibrant cities without space to grow; ageing homeowners
sitting in half-empty homes who are keen to protect their view; and a
generation of young people who cannot easily afford to rent or buy and
think capitalism has let them down. 但是几十年来，住房造成的逐渐加剧的功能障碍同样危害深重：城市充满生机，却没有发展空间；上了年纪的房主们坐在半空的屋子里，一心想要视野不被遮挡；年轻一代租房或买房都吃力，对资本主义感到失望。

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结论：as
our sp

ecial report this week explains, much of the blame lies with
warped housing policies that date back to the second world war and which
are intertwined with an infatuation with home ownership. they have
caused one of the rich world’s most serious and longest-running economic
failures. a fresh architecture is urgently needed.这在很大程度上要归咎于扭曲的住房政策，这些起始于二战时期的政策与人们对“居者有其屋”的执迷交织在一起，引发了富裕国家最严重、持续时间最长的经济失败之一。现在迫切需要一个新的架构了。二、存在的具体问题论点①：at the root of that failure is a lack of building, especially near the thriving cities in which jobs are plentiful. 这种失败的根源在于住房建设不足，尤其是在有大量就业岗位的繁荣城市附近。举例论证：from
sydney to sydenham, fiddly regulations protect an elite of existing
home-owners and prevent developers from building the skyscrapers and
flats that the modern economy demands. 从悉尼到锡德纳姆（sydenham），各种繁琐复杂的法规保护着有房精英人群的利益，令开发商无法建造现代经济所需的摩天大厦和公寓楼。

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结论：the
resulting high rents and house prices make it hard for workers to move
to where the most productive jobs are, and have slowed growth. 由此导致的高房租和高房价让劳动者很难到生产率最高的地方落脚，进而造成经济增长放缓。数字论据：overall
housing costs in america absorb 11% of gdp, up from 8% in the 1970s. if
just three big cities—new york, san francisco and san jose—relaxed
planning rules, america’s gdp could be 4% higher. that is an enormous
prize.美国住房总成本占gdp的比例从上世纪70年代的8%升至11%。如果仅放宽纽约、旧金山和圣何塞这三大城市的规划限制，美国的gdp可能增长4%。这样的增长是极其可观的。论点②：as well as being merely inefficient, housing markets are deeply unfair. 住房市场不仅效率低下，也极不公平。事实论据：① over a period of decades, falling interest rates have compounded inadequate supply and led to a surge in prices.数十年来，利率下降加剧了住房供应不足，导致房价飞涨。②
in america the frenzy is concentrated in thriving cities; in other rich
countries average national prices have soared, especially in
english-speaking countries where punting on property is a national
sport. 在美国，房价的疯狂上涨集中在一些繁荣的城市；而在其他富裕国家，全国平均房价都已飙升，英语国家尤其如此，那里全民都在押注房地产。

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论点③：the financial crisis did not kill off the trend. 金融危机也没有消除这一趋势。事实论证：① in britain inflation-adjusted house prices are roughly equal to their pre-crisis peak, while real wages are no higher. 在英国，经通胀调整后的房价与危机前的峰值大致相当，而实际工资却没有增加。② in australia, despite recent falls, prices remain 20% higher than in 2008. in canada they are up by half.在澳大利亚，尽管房价近期有所下跌，但仍比2008年高出20%。在加拿大则比那一年高出了一半。三、引起的连锁反应论点①：the soaring cost of housing has created gaping inequalities and inflamed both generational and geographical divides. 住房成本的飞涨造成了巨大的不平等，同时也加剧了代际和地区差异。数字论证：in
1990 a generation of baby-boomers, with a median age of 35, owned a
third of america’s real estate by value. in 2019 a similarly sized
cohort of millennials, aged 31, owned just 4%. 按价值计算,1990年，年龄中位数为35岁的婴儿潮一代拥有美国三分之一的房产。而在2019年，与他们人口规模差不多、中位年龄在31岁的千禧一代只拥有4%的房产。事实论证：①
young people’s view that housing is out of reach—unless you have rich
parents—helps explain their drift towards “millennial socialism”. 年轻人认为住房遥不可及——除非你是富二代——这有助于解释他们为什么会陆续转向“千禧社会主义”。

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②
and homeowners of all ages who are trapped in declining places resent
the windfall housing gains enjoyed in and around successful cities. 而困守在经济衰退地区的所有年龄层的房主都对发达的城市及其周边地区的房主大发横财愤愤不平。③
in britain areas with stagnant housing markets were more likely to vote
for brexit in 2016, even after accounting for differences in income and
demography.在英国，即便将收入和人口结构差异考虑在内，住房市场不景气的地区在2016年公投中还是更支持脱欧。论点②：a
growing body of research suggests that spending money on real estate
doesn’t necessarily mean investing in contentment. indeed, the
conventional advice to cut back on vacations, restaurant meals and other
extras in order to save money for a home may actually be detrimental to
felicity. 有越来越多的研究表明，往房地产里砸钱，并不等同于为日后的满足投资。实际上，加班加点、节衣缩食地攒钱买房，可能会让人的幸福感大打折扣。道理论证：experts
in happiness — an increasingly popular field focused on the scientific
understanding of emotional well-being — say that people are happier when
they spend money on experiences instead of material goods, whether it be a new car or a bigger apartment.幸福学专家（幸福学是目前一个日益火爆的领域，着眼于对情感健康的科学理解）表示，人在购置新车、置换大房屋这类物质消费上获得的幸福感，并不如花钱买体验来得多。四、问题避免的现实例子论点：it does not have to be this way. not everywhere is a?icted with every part of the housing curse. 其实这种情形是可以避免的。并不是所有地方都在遭受“住房诅咒”方方面面的困扰。事实论证：①
tokyo has no property shortage; between 2013 and 2017 it put up 728,000
dwellings— more than england did—without destroying quality of life.
the number of rough sleepers has dropped by 80% in the past 20 years. 东京就不存在房地产供应不足的问题: 2013年到2017年，东京在不损害生活质量的情况下，新建住房72.8万套，超过了英格兰。过去20年里，露宿街头的人数减少了80%。②
switzerland gives local governments fiscal incentives to allow housing
development—one reason why there is almost twice as much home-building
per person as in america. 瑞士为地方政府开发住房提供财政支持，这是瑞士人均住房建设量几乎比美国高一倍的原因之一。③
new zealand recoups some of homeowners’ windfall gains through land and
property taxes based on valuations that are frequently updated.新西兰频繁更新土地和房产的估价，并据此征收土地和房产税，收回房主的部分意外之财。五、降低购房热的解决办法论点：is
it possible to escape the home-ownership fetish? few governments today
can ignore the anger over housing shortages and intergenerational
unfairness. 有没有可能让人们不再迷信“居者有其屋”? 如今，几乎没有政府能够对住房短缺和代际不公引发的怨愤视而不见。反面示例：some have responded with bad ideas like rent controls or even more mortgage subsidies. 但有些政府祭出的却是昏招，比如控制租金，甚至提供更多房货补贴。正面示例：yet
there has been some progress. america has capped its tax break for
mortgage-interest payments. britain has banned murky upfront fees from
rental contracts and curbed risky mortgage lending. a fledgling
yimby—“yes in my backyard”—movement has sprung up in many successful
cities to promote construction. those, like this newspaper, who want
popular support for free markets to endure should hope that such
movements succeed. 不过也能看到些进步。美国对偿还房货利息的税收优惠设置了上限。英国已经禁止在租房合同中暗箱收取手续费，并限制高风险的房贷。支持房屋建设的新兴“迎臂”运动(
yimby，“可以建在我家后院”)
在很多繁荣城市如雨后春笋般涌现。那些和本刊一样希望自由市场能持续获得广泛支持的人们应该期望这样的运动取得成功。结论：far
from shoring up capitalism, housing policies have made the system
unsafe, inefficient and unfair. time to tear down this rotten edifice
and build a new housing market that works.现行住房政策根本没能稳定资本主义，反而使它变得不稳固、低效和不公平。是时候推翻这座腐朽的大厦，建立一个行之有效的新住房市场了。

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